Izigidigidi zabantu zisaphefumula umoya ongenampilo

Umbiko okhishwe namuhla yiWorld Health Organisation ukhombisa ukuthi u-99% wabanesifo sikashukelainani labantu emhlabeni liphefumula umoyaeyeqa imikhawulo yekhwalithi yomoya ye-WHO, esongela impilo yabo, futhi abantu abahlala emadolobheni baphefumula amazinga angenampilo ezinhlayiya ezinhle ne-nitrogen dioxide, nabantu abasemazweni aphansi - naphakathi nendawo engenayo abathinteka kakhulu.

Lo mbiko uphawula ukuthi amadolobha angaphezu kuka-6 000 emazweni angu-117 aqapha izinga lomoya, inombolo erekhodiwe.I-World Health Organization igcizelela ukubaluleka kokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokuthatha ezinye izinyathelo ezingokoqobo zokunciphisa amazinga okungcoliswa komoya.

I-fine particulate matter ne-nitrogen dioxide

I-nitrogen dioxide iwukungcola okuvamile kwasemadolobheni kanye nesandulela sezinhlayiya ze-ozone.Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2022 kwe-WHO Air Quality Database yethula izilinganiso ezisekelwe phansi zesilinganiso saminyaka yonke se-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) okokuqala ngqa.Isibuyekezo sihlanganisa nokulinganisa i-particle enobubanzi obulingana noma obungaphansi kwama-microns angu-10 (PM10) noma ama-microns angu-2.5 (PM2.5).Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokungcola ikakhulukazi zivela emisebenzini yabantu ehlobene nokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

Isizindalwazi esisha sekhwalithi yomoya sibanzi kakhulu kuze kube manje sihlanganisa ukuchayeka kokungcoliswa komoya.Cishe amadolobha/izindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezibalelwa ku-2,000 manje ziqopha idatha yokuqapha esekelwe phansi ye-particle matter, PM10 kanye/nomaPM2.5uma kuqhathaniswa nesibuyekezo sokugcina.Lokhu kuphawula ukukhula cishe okuphindwe kasithupha enanini lemibiko kusukela kwethulwa isizindalwazi ngo-2011.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisekelo sobufakazi bomonakalo owenziwe ukungcoliswa komoya emzimbeni womuntu ubulokhu ukhula ngokushesha, nobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi izinto eziningi ezingcolisa umoya zingadala umonakalo omkhulu ngisho nasemazingeni aphansi kakhulu.

I-particle, ikakhulukazi i-PM2.5, ingangena ijule emaphashini futhi ingene egazini, ithinte inhliziyo, i-cerebrovascular (stroke) nezinhlelo zokuphefumula.Ubufakazi obusha bubonisa ukuthi i-particle ingathinta ezinye izitho futhi ibangele nezinye izifo.

Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-nitrogen dioxide ihlotshaniswa nezifo zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi isifuba somoya, okuholela ezimpawu zokuphefumula (njengokukhwehlela, ukushaywa umoya noma ukuphefumula kanzima), ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nokuvakashela amagumbi aphuthumayo.

"Amanani aphezulu kaphethiloli, ukuphepha kwamandla kanye nokuphuthuma kokubhekana nezinselelo ezimbili zezempilo zokungcoliswa komoya kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokusheshisa ukwakhiwa komhlaba ongancikile kakhulu emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi," kusho uMqondisi-Jikelele we-WHO uTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

Izinyathelo zokuthuthukisaizinga lomoyakanye nempilo

Ubani ofuna isinyathelo esisheshayo nesiqinisiwe sokuthatha izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izinga lomoya.Isibonelo, sebenzisa noma ubuyekeze futhi usebenzise izindinganiso kazwelonke zekhwalithi yomoya ngokuhambisana nemihlahlandlela yakamuva yekhwalithi yomoya ye-WHO;Ukusekela inguquko yokuhlanza amandla asendlini okupheka, ukufudumeza nokukhanyisa;Ukwakha izinhlelo zezithuthi zomphakathi eziphephile nezithengekayo nabahamba ngezinyawo - namanethiwekhi alungele amabhayisikili;Ukusebenzisa ukukhishwa kwezimoto eziqinile kanye namazinga okusebenza kahle;Ukuhlolwa nokunakekelwa kwezimoto okuyimpoqo;Ukutshala imali ezindlini ezonga ugesi kanye nokuphehla ugesi;Ukwenza ngcono ukuphathwa kwemfucuza yezimboni nomasipala;Nciphisa imisebenzi ye-agroforestry efana nokushiswa kwemfucuza yezolimo, ukusha kwamahlathi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamalahle.

Amadolobha amaningi anezinkinga nge-nitrogen dioxide

Emazweni angu-117 aqapha izinga lomoya, amaphesenti angu-17 amadolobha emazweni anemali engenayo ephezulu anekhwalithi yomoya engaphansi kwemihlahlandlela yekhwalithi yomoya ye-WHO ye-PM2.5 noma i-PM10, kusho umbiko.Emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi - naphakathi, angaphansi kwe-1% yamadolobha ahlangabezana nemikhawulo enconyiwe ye-WHO yekhwalithi yomoya.

Emhlabeni jikelele, amazwe anemali engenayo ephansi - naphakathi nendawo asachayeka kakhulu emazingeni angenampilo ezinhlayiyana uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso somhlaba wonke, kodwa amaphethini e-NO2 ayahluka, okuphakamisa umehluko omncane phakathi kwamazwe aphezulu - naphansi - kanye namazwe anengeniso emaphakathi.

Isidingo sokuqapha okuthuthukisiwe

I-Europe futhi, ngokwezinga elithile, iNyakatho Melika ihlala iyizifunda ezinedatha yekhwalithi yomoya ephelele kakhulu.Nakuba izilinganiso ze-PM2.5 zingakatholakali emazweni amaningi anemali engenayo ephansi - naphakathi, zithuthuke kakhulu phakathi kokubuyekezwa kokugcina kwesizindalwazi ngo-2018 kanye nalesi sibuyekezo, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezingu-1,500 ngaphezulu kulawa mazwe ziqapha izinga lomoya.